Практический курс английского языка - Камянова Т.
ISBN 5-85550-177-9
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Secondary education. Secondary education is provided for pupils aged between 11 and 16. General education continues across a range of subjects until pupils are aged 14. At this point, they continue with such subjects as English, Mathimatics and Science, and choose four or five additional subjects to study for getting their General Certificate of Education (GCE). These courses usually take two years and finish with «0» Level (Ordinary Level) examinations at the age of 15 or 16. At the end of compulsory education, pupils heve the choice of either leaving education to begin work or moving on to post-16 education.
Post-16 education. Pupils who want to proceed studies generally remain in secondary education until the age of 18. They usually complete «A» Level (Advanced Level) examinations in three or more subjects. These «A» Levels exams, which they pass, are enough to get in to most univercities and institutes of higher education.
Post-18 education. Those who coped with «A» Level examinations may enter any professional college or university to get higher education. Universities vary in size from less than 4,000 students to over 10,000, and teach a wide range of courses. Colleges and institutes are typically smaller than the universities. There are 46 universities in Britain. Good «A» Level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at one. However, good results at exams are not enough to enter a university. Universities choose their students after interviews, and competition for places at universities is hard. For all British citizens a place at the university brings with it a grant from their Local Education Authorities. After three years of study at a university a graduate leaves it with a Degree of Bachelor of Science, Engineering, Medicine, Arts, etc. Post-graduate study leads to postgraduate certificates and diplomas. The post-graduate diplomas are a Master's Degree and a Doctor's Degree. There are advanced academic programs for students who already have a first degree. They are offered by universities, and by some colleges.
Notes
1. primary education - общее начальное образование
2. secondary education - среднее образование
3. a fee - плата за обучение
4. to be required - требоваться
5. general education - общее образование
6. General Certificate of Education (GCE) - общее свидетельство об образовании
7. «О» Level (Ordinary level) - экзамен по программе средней школы на обычном уровне
8. «A» Level (Advanced level) - экзамен по программе средней школы на повышенном уровне
9. a compulsory education - обязательное образование
10. a grant - стипендия
11. Local Education Authority - местный орган народного образования
12. a graduate - выпускник высшего учебного заведения
13. post-graduate studies - аспирантура
14. Master's Degree / Doctor's Degree - ученая степень магистра / ученая степень доктора
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THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (THE UK)
K. MASS MEDIA
Democratic principles, the British society is built on, guarantee freedom and independence to its press. Various newspapers express openly their own views on politics and other important themes, which may be different to the views of the government and leading political parties. There is no censorship of press in Great Britain, though newspapers are responsible for what they publish.
Free and independent press is an important source of information for everybody. It plays a great role in building up public opinion. There are about 1050 newspapers in the UK. Daily newspapers inform readers of the most important events of the day, weekly newspapers offer analytical articles and comments to political, economical and cultural events of the previous week.
British newspapers can be divided into two groups: quality newspapers and popular newspapers. Quality newspapers are more serious, they mainly reflect political and economical news in and out of the country. Popular newspapers are concentrated on sensations, private life of famous people, scandal events; they are written in common language and addressed to common people.
The quality daily newspapers are the Times, the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph, and the Financial Times. The Times, founded in 1785 is considered to be the most serious and influential newspaper in the country. The Guardean addresses to well-educated readers interested in intellectual and social affairs. The Financial Times, historically printed on pink paper, is read by businessmen.
The most readable popular press newspapers are the Sun, the Daily Mail, the Daily Express, and the Daily Mirror. They use the small or «tabloid» format, partly coloured, with a lot of photographs and humorous drawings, some of which present striking pictorial comment on politics.
Among popular weekly newspapers there are the Observer and the Sunday Times. They are thicker than daily newspapers and contain articles connected with general views on all aspects of life.
Broadcasting in Great Britain is controlled by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). The BBC was the first authority in the world to provide a public television service which began in 1936. The IBA opened its television service in 1955, and in 1982 the second Independent Service came into operation. The BBC receives it's income from the government. There are two BBC channels which are free from advertising. Private commercial companies are controlled by the IBA and they earn money from advertising. The advertising time, however, is strictly limited by the special Act concerning commercial television.
