Английский язык для экономистов - Малюга Е.Н.
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R Grammar notes
Modal Verbs: Can (Could), May (Might), Must (Have to), Be to, Should
These modal verbs except for 'have to' and 'be to* take no-s in the third person singular. In questions they come before the subject and have 'not' after them in negations. Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to except for 'have to' and 'be to\
Modal verbs are used to express — ability, possibility, probability, obligation, permission, advice.
'Can' — modal verb 'can (cannot)' is used to describe ability, opportunity, permission, request, possibility/impossibility. Unit 4. Economic Development and Cultural Diversities
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E. g.: As the radical critique of contemporary economics has argued that some son of economics cannot be value-free, so also can it be suggested that economics as an intellectual endeavour cannot be culture-free.
To describe a future ability 'will be able to' is used but not 'can'.
E. g.: Cultural relationships will be able to exist within an economic environment.
4Be able/unable to' is used when 'can/could' is grammatically impossible.
E. g.: 'Cultural materialism' was able to have a clear counterpart in economics, especially in 'old' school of institutional economics.
You cannot use 'be able to' with passive constructions.
E. g.: Cultural interactions among members of the group can be modelled as transactions or exchanges of symbolic or material goods within an economizing framework.
'Could' expresses ability in the past. This verb is more usual than 4vas able to'.
E. g.: Culture could in some circumstances become a contested phenomenon rather than an area of agreement and harmony.
You can use 'could/might have' + past participle to describe a past ability, which was not used or a past opportunity which wasn't taken.
E. g.: It could/might be suggested that a definition of culture which relies on identifying distinguishing characteristics of groups might be seen to parallel a notion of such groups as societies or as social units within a society.
'Can/Could' is translated into Russian as может быть, возможно, мог, etc. (affirmative form); неужели, не может быть, чтобы, etc. (doubt in the interrogative and negative forms).
'Must + Present Infinitive' in the affirmative and interrogative sentences expresses the necessity, obligation, duty, advice and order. The negative form mustn't (must not) usually expresses prohibition (one must not), in other words, it is opposite in meaning to the verb may. Lack of the necessity is expressed by the verb needn't (need not).
'Must' only relates to Present Tense in some cases to Future Tense.
E. g.: Every businessman must understand a language well enough for the purpose of trade.
For expressing obligation in the Past (must + Present Perfect and have to) and Future 'have to' + Present Infinitive are used in the necessary forms.
E. g.: He had to take a taxi to get to the airport on time. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants in the street. We will have to go to the supermarket tomorrow. 72
Английский ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ экономистов
'Must' is stronger than 'have to' and shows urgency and importance.
'Must' is translated into Russian as должен (obligation), должно быть, вероятно, no всей вероятности, etc. (in the affirmative form and in the function of supposition with a great share of assurance.
'Have to' is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker or when other people decide for the speaker what it is necessary to do.
E. g.: Media consumption groupings across the continent have to differ markedly from many of the other consumer behaviour traits across the continent.
'Have to' is translated into Russian as пришлось, придется, приходится, предстоит.
'Be to + infinitive' expresses the idea that someone else demands something.
E. g.: The effect of the considerations is not so much to undermine or replace the concept of culture.
'Be to + infinitive' is translated into Russian as должен.
'May' and 'Might' sometimes have virtually the same meaning; they are used to talk about possibilities in the past, present or future. ('Could' is also sometimes used). 'May' is sometimes a little bit 'more sure'; whereas might expresses more doubt.
'May' and 'might' are used in the following cases.
Talking about the present or future with uncertainty.
E. g.: The impact of culture on the thinking of economists may (might) go further, because the cultural values they inherit or learn have a profound influence on their perception.
Talking about the past with uncertainty.
E. g.: He may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.
Both verbs can also sometimes be used for talking about permission, but usually only in formal situations.
E. g.: Businessmen may penetrate the bare surface of cultural difference otherwise they will never understand what motivates their foreign business partners.
'May': talking about things that can happen in certain situations.
