Практический курс английского языка - Камянова Т.
ISBN 5-85550-177-9
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(1) а пего - heroism (2) a commune - communism
a patriot - patriotism Buddha - Buddhism
real - realism social - socialism
5. Суффикс -ness для образования от прилагательных производных существительных, имеющих значение качества или характера:
neat - neatness dark - darkness
rough - roughness kind - kindness
6. Суффикс -ity для образования от прилагательных соответствующих по значению производных существительных:
possible - possibility _ similar - similarity
7. Суффикс -th для образования от прилагательных (обычно с изменением корневой гласной) производных существительных с соответствующим значением:
wide - width long - length strong - strength
true - truth deep - depth
8. Суффиксы -er, -or для образования от глаголов производных существительных, обозначающих производящие действие лица:
to work - a worker to lead - a leader to act - an actor
9. Суффиксы -ion, -tion, -ation для образования от глаголов производных существительных, обозначающих общие понятия (процессы, состояния, свойства и т.д):
to communicate - a communication to interpret - an interpretation to intend - an intention to accuse - accusation
10. Суффикс -ment для образования от глаголов производных существительных, имеющих значение результата действия:
to fulfil - a fulfilment to develop - a development
to arrange - an arrangement to appoint - an appointment
11. Суффиксы -ance, -ence для образования от глаголов производных существительных, имеющих значение свойства или состояния:
to disturb - disturbance to depend - dependence
12. Суффикс -al для образования от глаголов производных существительных, имеющих значение результата действия:
to arrive - an arrival to refuse - a refusal
b) Сложные существительные (Compound Nouns) образуются посредством соедиі ения двух или более основ (которые могут относиться к разным частям речи), создавая слово с единым значением. Сложные существительные могут писаться как слитно (1), так и через дефис (2):
(1) a workman, a railway, a blackboard, a snowball, quicksilver, etc.
(2) a girl-friend, a family-name, a letter-box, a writing-table, a pen-name, etc.
Сложные существительные, образованные от трех основ или имеющие своей частью предлог, пишутся через дефис: a mother-in-law свекровь, теща; an editor-in-chief главный редактор; a forget-me-not незабудка; а тerry-go-round карусель; a might-have-been упущенная возможность.
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THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (THE UK)
D. POLITICAL SYSTEM.
The power of the Queen of Great Britain is not absolute but constitutional, though there is no written Constitution in the country. The Queen and the British Parliament have different roles, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of the new monarch or the opening of Parliament.
British Parliament. The Parliament in Britain exists since 1265. Having been organized in the reign of King Edward I (1212-1307) it is the eldest Parliament in the world. The British Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The division of Parliament into two Houses goes back over some 700 years when feudal assembly ruled the country. In modem times real political power rests in the House of Commons, although the members of the House of Lords still occupy important cabinet posts.
The House of Commons is made up of 659 (June 2001) elected members, known as Members of Parliament each of whom represents a definite area of the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. They are elected at a general election every five years. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker, a member acceptable to the whole House. The first two rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of the governing party and it's opposition. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. It's here where proposed laws or bills are introduced and debated, and the most important events of internal and foreign policy are discussed. A bill has to go through three stages (or readings) to become an Act of Parliament. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill, it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the Monarch to be signed. Only then does it become the Law of the Land. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords has limited powers, and the Monarch hasn't refused to sign one since the modern political system began over 200 years ago.
The House of Lords is the only non-elected second chamber among all the democracies in the world. It has 675 members: 557 life peers and 118 hereditary members (June 2001). However, only about 250 of them take an active part in the work of the House. Unlike the Members of the House of Commons they don't receive a salary. They debate a bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. The chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor, and he sits on a special seat called the Woolsack. Changes may be recommended, and agreement between the two Houses is reached by negotiations. The Lords' main power consists ofbeing able to delay non-financial bills for a period of the year, but they can also introduce certain types of bills.
