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4. He was already dead when they found him.
(2) between the auxiliary and the following participle:
5. She's already gone to bed.
6. I've already seen that film.
(3) between a modal verb and a following infinitive:
7. She could already see the house.
8. They may already know about the change of time.
In the above examples already is not stressed.
In literary prose already may occupy the emphatic initial position.
eg 9. Already she regretted her hasty words. 10. Already the snow was beginning to melt in the sunshine.
Exercise. Read the following Russian sentences, decide whether to interpret уже emphatically or not, and then translate the sentences into English accordingly. You may give both an emphatic and a non-emphatic version in some cases.
1. —Миша уже ходит в школу. 2. Город еще молодой, а население уже достигло 150 тысяч. (Use to have a population of ... ) 3. Новое оборудование уже установлено на многих заводах города. (See р. 46.) 4. —Поторопитесь. Уже девять часов. 5. Уже четверть века существуют торговые отношения между нашими странами. (Use trading relations.) 6. —Мы не виделись вот уже пять лет. 7. — Вот это уже лучше. 8. —Уже не в первый раз я видел здесь этого старика с собачкой. (See for the first time, p. 59.) 9. — Ваш сын уже женат? 10. Уже недалеко то время, когда все жители города будут жить в современных квартирах. (Use It will not be long before ... ) 11. Мы уже сделали это упражнение. 12. —Скажите, пожалуйста, Андрей Николаевич уже пришел? 13. Выставка открылась только три дня тому назад, но мы уже успели на ней побывать. 14. Доктор сказал, что больной уже никогда не сможет видеть. 15. Молодой писатель уже является автором двух романов.
Apparent(Iy), Evident(Iy), Obvious(Iy)
All these words are used in the general sense of "clear-(Iy), plain(ly)". For example, any of them could be used in the sentences:
12 1. His surprise was apparent! evident !obvious.
2. They have apparently !evidently !obviously been delayed.
However, they are not interchangeable in all cases, and even when they are, there is often a difference of emphasis or style.
Apparently) may imply a contrast between appearance and reality, meaning "seeming to be so but not (necessarily) so".
eg 3. His concern for their safety was more apparent than real.
4. In spite of her apparent indifference she was very fond of her parents.
5. — Has he gone? — Apparently.
Apparent is characteristic of formal style. (See examples 3 and 4 above.) In everyday conversation such sentences would be rephrased, for example, as follows:
6. He wasn't really
worried about their safety. as worried about their safety as he seemed.
7. She
seemed indifferent but in fact ... didn't seem to care about ... but she was really...
The adverb apparently is not confined to formal style. (See example 5 above.) It is also used in the sense of "as it turns/turned out" (оказывается).
eg 8. I thought he was a Londoner but apparently he was born and brought up in Bristol.
9. Apparently he has apologized. Or so Martin told me.
Evident(Iy) and obvious(ly) do not imply a contrast between appearance and reality. They have practically the same meaning but evident(ly) implies a more rational, logical approach to the situation, suggesting a conclusion based on evidence. It is therefore characteristic of formal style.
eg 10. He looked at his garden with evident pride.
11. It soon became (evident) that the two processes were closely linked.
12. She was evidently unfit to travel that day.
13 Obvious(Iy) is more subjective, more emotional, implying that something must be recognized, that there is no possible doubt about it. It is therefore widely used in conversation and informal writing.
eg 13. It was obvtous that he didn't want to talk about it.
14. — So you think that it was Roger who got him the job?
— Yes. It's obvious.
15. That's an obvious mistake.
16. There's no answer. They've obviously gone out.
17. He's obviously got a gift for music.
Exercise. Reword the following sentences, replacing the words in italics by apparently), evidently), or obvious(ly) .Insome cases there may be both a formal and an informal version. Remember that the adverbial forms usually come between the subject and the verb, unless it is the verb to be, in which case they follow the verb. With analytical forms, the adverb stands between the auxiliary and the notional verb.
1. —Ifs quite clear that the train has gone. 2. — Is she happy in her new job? — It seems so. 3. He spoke eloquently and with emotion which was clear to the audience. 4. There can be no doubt that the existence of private schools perpetuates social inequality. 5. — It was absolutely clear that the students were unprepared. 6. The evidence suggests that this manuscript belongs to an earlier period. 7. — I always thought they were poor but, as it turns out, they are quite well off.
8. He was staring out of the window; he seemed deep in thought.
