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107 Substitute was originally used only as a noun, meaning a person or thing performing some function instead of another. Here are some examples of its nominal use in modern English.
10. Margarine can be used as a substitute for butter.
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11. Television is{a poor\ tainment.
12. Various substitutes for leather are now available, but few of them really look like leather.
13. If you cannot attend the meeting (,yourself) you must send a substitute.
Note the use of the preposition for in examples 10 and 11.
As a verb, substitute means "to use, put, etc. instead of something else".
eg 14. If necessary you may substitute margarine for butter. (=use margarine instead of butter)
15. The thieves stole the necklace and substituted a fake (for it), so that the theft would not be discovered immediately. (=put a fake there instead of the original necklace)
16. (Instructions in an exercise) Rewrite the following sentences, substituting a relative clause for the adverbial clauses in italics. (=put a relative clause instead of the adverbial clauses)
The difference between substitute and replace (meaning no. 2) lies in the nature of the object. With substitute the object is the thing which is put instead of something else, whereas with replace the object is the thing instead of which something else is put. In some cases the same idea can be expressed by either verb, but the construction differs. For example, sentences 15 and 16 above could be rephrased using replace, as follows:
17. The thieves stole the necklace and replaced it with/by a fake.
18. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the adverbial clause in italics by a relative clause.
With reference to people, substitute is used to mean "take smb.'s place".
eg 19. Mary substituted for the teacher who was ill.
20. Pm substituting for Mr Brown.
108 Substitute differs from replace (meaning no. 3) here not only in that it is followed by the preposition for but also in that a person who substitutes for somebody else does so only temporarily, until the other person can carry out his duties again, whereas someone who replaces another person usually does so permanently. (See example 7 above.)
The best way to remember the distinctions between these two words is to memorize some simple examples such as those given above, where the situation makes the meaning clear.
Exercise. Reword the following sentences using replace or substitute. In some cases there may be two versions.
1. Electric light soon took the place of gaslight. 2. They used plastic instead of metal, because it was lighter. 3. Martinattendedthe meeting instead of John, because the latter was too busy. 4. Who will take Mr Fowler's place as head of department when he resigns? 5. The old wooden houses were demolished and brick ones built in their place. 6. Instead of the nouns in the following sentences put pronouns. 7. If you have no fresh milk you may use condensed milk instead. 8. He put the key back in the drawer. 9. They don't like rice so we cooked potatoes instead. 10. Evans played in the match instead of Bullock, who was injured. 11. Nowadays scientists often use synthetic materials instead of natural ones. 12. After the Revolution collective farms took the place of private estates.
Shop, Store
Shop is a general term for a place where goods are sold. The distinction between shop and store is as follows. In Britain, store is used mainly of a shop selling a variety of goods, a department store (универмаг). The word department may be omitted, especially when the adjective big is included.
eg 1. Most of the big stores (in London) stay open till 8 p. m. on Thursdays.
Stores (plural form with singular meaning) is also used of a small shop selling a wide variety of goods, for example, in a village.
eg 2. She usually did her shopping at the village stores.
General stores is also used of a small shop of this kind, not only in the country but in a residential district of a town.
In the United States, store is the usual word for a place where goods are sold. Professor Albert H. Marckwardt1 (an
і A COMMON LANGUAGE. British and American English. The BBC, 1964.
109 American), talking to an English professor, says: uBroadly speaking, our 'store' is what you call a tShop'. In America a merchant will call his store a shop if he wants to give it an air of elegance". To which the English professor replies that the British are very quickly adopting the American use of store in the sense of shop.
A chain store is one of several or many stores owned by the same person or company and selling the same goods. These stores may be all over the country (like the famous Marks and Spencer shops, selling mainly clothes) or only in one area. Chain is also used in such sentences as.
Note. A supermarket is a large self-service shop selling food and sometimes other goods, especially household goods (универсам). Even larger shops, like self-service department stores, are called hypermarkets.
