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Long, A Long Time
Long as an adverb of time is mainly confined to interrogative and negative sentences; in affirmative sentences a long time is the norm.
eg la. Have you been waiting long?
b. 1 haven't been waiting long. BUT c. I've been waiting (for) a long time. 2a. Did they stay long?
81 b. They didn't stay long.
c. They stayed (for) a long time.
The same applies when very is included.
eg 3. I've been waiting (for) a very long time. 4. They stayed (for) a very long time.
This differentiation between affirmative sentences on the one hand and negative and interrogative sentences on the other follows the same pattern as in the use of far — a long way (see p. 56) and much/many — a lot (see p. 82).
With too, however, long is used in all types of sentence, meaning "beyond the expected limit".
eg 5. Vve been waiting too long. 6. They stayed too long.
Exercise 1. Give either an affirmative or a negative answer to the questions.
Model: Student A: Have you been waiting long?
Student B: Yes, a long time or: Not not long.
1. —Have they been married long? 2. —Was she away long? 3.
— Did Peter stay long? 4-. —Have you been living here long? 5. —Did you have to wait long for the bus? 6. —Has she been ill long? 7.
— Did the meeting go on long after I left? 8. —Has the chicken been in the oven long?
Exercise 2. Contradict the following negative statements emphatically, according to the model.
Model: Student A: I wasn't away long.
Student B: You were. You were away a long time.
1. —Angela didn't stay long. 2. —Derek and Susan haven't been married long. 3. —I haven't known Richard long. 4. —She didn't have to wait long. 5. — They haven't been living in that house long. 6.
— It didn't rain long. 7. — You didn't practise your music long. 8.
— They haven't had the car long.
Much/Many, A Lot, Lots, Plenty
English people tend to avoid much and many in affirmative sentences. In informal style a lot (of) is used instead, with both countable and uncountable nouns.
eg 1. — I spent a lot of time on the beach. with
2. — There's a lot of work to be done. | uncount-
3. — A car costs a lot of money. Iable nouns
4. — He's got a lot of interesting books.\ ...
5. — There were a lot of people at the I W1."J,
bus stop. countable
6. — I made a lot of friends at school. » nouns
82 Such sentences as I spent much time on the beach, although grammatically correct, are practically never heard. Much does occur occasionally in affirmative sentences in formal style, but even here it is often avoided if possible. For example, instead of much time one can use a considerable amount of time, instead of much work — a great deal of work, instead of much money — a large amount/sum of money (see also p. 20 great). As for many, it is avoided in colloquial English (in affirmative sentences) but is widely used in formal and semi-formal style.
eg 7. Many people in the town were left homeless as a result of the earthquake.
8. The Hermitage collection of 19th-century French paintings is one of the richest in the world and contains many fine canvases by the Impressionists.
The usual pattern of usage in informal style is: affirmative sentences — a lot (of) negative sentences — much!many interrogative sentences — much/many This pattern can be illustrated as follows:
9a. — I spent a lot of time on the beach.
b. — I didn't spend much time on the beach.
c. — Did you spend much time on the beach?
IOa. — He's got a lot of books.
b. — He hasn't got many books.
c. — Has he got many books?
Another illustration can be provided by question and answer.
11. — Did you spend much time on the beach?
— Yes, a lot or: No, not much.
12. — Has he got many books?
— Yesf a lot or: No9 not many.
It is true that the most common way of replying to such questions is to say simply uYes" or uNon9 sometimes repeating the auxiliary.
— Yes, I did or: — No9 I didn't.
— Yes9 he has or: — No9 he hasn't.
However, the forms given above also occur as emphatic replies, especially the negative ones.
Although a lot (of) is characteristic of affirmative sentences, it is not entirely restricted to this type. It occurs also in negative and interrogative sentences, but compara-
83 tively rarely. In these cases it generally expresses some special emphasis or implication. For example, the sentence Have you got a lot of work? tends to imply a supposition on the part of the speaker that the person addressed has a lot of work, or at least may have a lot.
Lots (of) differs from a lot (of) in two respects: (1) It is more emphatic, implying a larger quantity or number. (2) It is more colloquial.
It corresponds approximately to the Russian масса. It occurs mainly in affirmative sentences such as:
13. — They've got lots of money.
14. — There were lots of people in the park.
15. — I made lots of jam this year.
16. — I took lots of photos when I was on holiday.
