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Говорите правильно по-английски - Поуви Дж.

Поуви Дж. Говорите правильно по-английски — М.: Высшая школа, 1984. — 152 c.
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Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with factory, plant, works or mill (sg. or pi.), giving alternatives where possible.

1. The company is to close its Nottingham ... at the end of the month. 2. —My brother works in a ... . 3. —They didn't like the house because it was near the gas ... . 4. There are several car ... in Birmingham. 5. The faulty goods must be sent back to the ... for inspection. 6. —She never eats chocolate at home because she works at a chocolate ... . 7. He applied for a job at the local steel ... . 8. —The air in our district is very clean because there are no ... there. 9. In the north of England ... (pi.) used to be called ... (pi.). 10. The printing ... is very badly equipped. Its ... is old and in a bad state of repair. 11. Workers at the Lucas ... in Coventry, which makes brake linings, have put in a 15% pay claim. 12. The Courtauld chemical ... employs several thousand people.

Exercise 2. What do we call the following establishments?

1. where crude oil is made suitable for use; 2. where milk and cream is bottled, butter and cheese made; 3. where bread and cakes are made; 4. where beer is made; 5. where ships are built.

Fairly, Rather, Quite

All these adverbs occur in the sense of "to a certain extent, in some degree, moderately".

eg. 1. Their flat is fairly I rather !quite big.

a fairly !rather

2. Ifs ' rather an

quite an

3. He speaks English fairly /rather !quite well.

interesting book.

Fairly, rather — are the words which are traditionally used to denote a moderate degree, the distinction between them being one of emphasis, that is, subjective rather than objective. They express not a different degree but a different attitude on the part of the speaker (or writer). In many cases fairly is used to denote a sufficient or desirable degree, whereas rather implies an undesirable degree. In the words of Stannard Allen,1 " tFairly' is a step towards an ideal, but

і W. Stannard Allen. LIVING ENGLISH STRUCTURE. London, 1965, p. 296.

50 'rather' is a step away from it; 'fairly* is half-way to 'enough', whereas 'rather' is half-way to 'too'". Compare the following pairs of examples:

4a. — How9S your mother?

— Fairly well, thank you.

— Гт glad to hear that, b. — My mother's rather ill.

— Гт sorry to hear that.

5a. — Sit here. This chair's fairly comfortable. b. — That chair's rather uncomfortable. Sit here instead.

6a. — This exercise looks fairly easy, b. — It looks rather difficult to me.

Here the words modified by fairly or rather themselves denote a desirable or undesirable state, which makes the choice simple. However, fairly and rather may also modify adjectives and adverbs which are "neutral" in this respect, for example, those denoting size, position, temperature, etc.

eg 7a. — This room's fairly big. I think it'll do.

b. — This room's rather big. Isn't there a smaller one free?

8a. — The water's fairly hot, so you can have a bath, b. — The water's rather hot. Wait a minute or you'll scald yourself.

Here the idea of desirable or undesirable degree is expressed only by fairly or rather and the choice is determined by the situation.

Rather may be used as a tactful alternative to too.

eg 9. — I thought of putting Michael in charge of the group.

— He's rather young or: — Isn't he rather young?

However, rather does not always imply an undesirable degree; in some cases the contrary is true. It can be used with adjectives or adverbs denoting something pleasant or desirable with an intensifying effect, approaching very.

eg 10.- It's { ntherZn } Cresting book.

11. — He speaks English rather well.

12. — I thought she was rather pretty.

It should also be mentioned that rather can be used with a wider variety of parts of speech than fairly (meaning "to a certain extent"):

51 — with comparatives and too:

13. — He's feeling rather better today.

14. — Your coat was rather more expensive than

mine.

15. — This book is rather too difficult for the first

year.

— with nouns:

16. — It's rather a pity David can't come.

17. — He's rather a bore.

18. — &50 is rather a lot to pay for a dress, isn't it?

19. — Please ask me about it tomorrow. I'm in rath-

er a hurry now.

— with verbs, including participles:

20. — I rather enjoyed the party.

21. — He seemed rather surprised when I mentioned it.

Fairly is not used in such cases (with certain rare exceptions).

Finally, rather occurs as an emphatic affirmative response to questions and offers.

eg 22. — Are you going on the excursion? -iRavther. 23. — Would you like some more cake? — xRa^ther.

Note the intonation here.

However, this use is now rare and should be avoided on the whole. In reply to questions like no. 22, one should say either "(Yes,) definitely" or "(Yes,) I certainly am". (See p. 29.) The best response to offers like no. 23 is iiYes9 please", possibly adding, for example, uIt9S delicious."

Rather alone should also be avoided in answers to such questions as:
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