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1 For the distinction between director and producer see: Poveu ENGLISH AT LEISURE, M,, 1981 (units 95, 96, 156, 157),
44 Management is used to denote collectively those who manage a business organization or an institution.
eg 1. The hotel I restaurant Isho p is under new management.
2. Pay negotiations between the unions and the management will start tomorrow.
3. The management announced that the theatre would be closed until September 30th.
Head is used alone mainly in a general, descriptive sense.
eg 4. The head of a museum is called the curator or the director.
It also occurs in colloquial style as an abbreviation of headmaster/headmistress.
eg 5. — I've got to go and see the head now.
Otherwise it is used attributively, as in head waiter, head porter or with o/, as in head of department, head of the English Department (in educational institutions).
Chief is not generally used alone in Britain to denote the person to whom one is responsible, but in specific titles such as:
chief accountant/engineer!librarian
chief education officer — head of a local education authority (see also director above)
chief constable — head of a local police force
chief inspector — a senior rank of police officer
Commander-in-Chief — of the armed forces
However, there is now a tendency, probably American, to use chief as a general term to denote the person at the head of any organization. This is particularly noticeable in newspaper headlines.
eg 6. AIRLINE CHIEF SACKED
The American use of chief to^ denote the person to whom one is responsible at work (eg I must ask my chief) is rare in Britain and when it does occur it is in the sphere of commerce and industry. It is not used at all in educational institutions, in the sense of head of department or supervisor, even in colloquial style.
Boss is a colloquial word widely used in Britain to denote the person to whom one is responsible, in business or-
45 ganizations, government offices, and so on, instead of using his/her official title (eg ... manager !director, chief ...).
eg 7. — My boss said I could leave early today.
8. — You'd better ask the boss first.
However, it is not customary in educational institutions.
Boss is also used in a wider sense to mean "the person in charge, the one who decides".
eg 9. — I'm the boss here.
10.—He likes the work because he's his own boss. ( = he decides everything himself)
Exercise. Fill in the blanks with director, manager, head, chief or
boss.
1. (Customer to shop assistant) — I'm not satisfied with your explanation. I should like to speak to the ... . 2. The play has been staged by a young ... called John Drury. 3. —What does her husband do? — He's a company ... . 4. —You must get permission from the ... librarian first. 5. (Schoolteacher to new colleague)—If anybody behaves very badly, send him to the ... . 6. (In an office) — Andrew, the ... wants to see you. 7. —John's been promoted to ... engineer. 8. —Who is the ... of the German Department? 9. The opening of Ihe exhibition was attended by the ... of the Tate Gallery. 10. —He is export ... in a big chemical firm. 11. —What is the ... of a local education authority called? — Usually the ... education officer, but sometimes ... of education. 12. —The hotel ... offered to move them to a better room. 13. Scotland Yard sent ... Inspector Ferret to investigate the crime. 14. —It's a very interesting film.—Who's the ... ? 15. The ... waiter showed the distinguished company to their table.
Factory, Plant, Works, Mill
Factory is the usual word in Britain for a building (or set of buildings) where goods are produced. It is a general term and includes all types of industry, both heavy and light.
eg 1. There are a lot of factories in my town.
2. Most factories have their own canteen.
3. He works at/in a factory or: He's a factory worker.
4. British factory workers usually have a fortnight's annual holiday.
Plant is also used in this general sense, mainly in America.
eg 5. The students may learn how to observe the operation of an industrial plant, (from an American book on education)
46 In Britain it rarely occurs in this general sense. However, it occurs increasingly instead of factory to denote a particular building (or set of buildings) for industrial production or processing.
eg 6. Several thousand workers at the Perkins plant at Peterborough are threatening to go on strike unless the company improves its latest pay offer. (Perkins is the name of the company.)
Plant is also used now in Britain to denote one of the various production units belonging to the same company, often in different parts of the country. For example, it is possible that the Perkins company mentioned in sentence 6 above has one or more other plants in other towns. Here are two more examples:
7. Shop stewards from the Dunlop rubber plant at Speke (near Liverpool) have called a mass meeting for Sunday morning. (The Dunlop Rubber Company has several plants.)
