Английский язык для экономистов - Малюга Е.Н.
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2. The president administration swiftly ... much of the tax code, simplifying the rules for companies and cutting personal ... to a flat 13 per cent.
3. The president has ... the prime minister for slowing economic growth, diminishing the chances of meeting his target of ... Portugal's GDP by 2015. 228
Английский ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ экономистов
4. There is some deceleration ahead of the elections, but the problem is the constant... of a commitment to reform by the authorities.
5. Another big ... against membership is the bureaucracy itself, addicted to arbitrary ....
6. Investors have feared that the economy, which early this year appeared to be recovering strongly from last year's ... , may ... back into recession.
7. In 1999-2002 Russia's GDP rose by 25.5 % in ... , a significant contrast to the long ... and stagnation of the previous years.
8. A senior parliamentarian, who considers himself a liberal, nonetheless wants to ... WTO membership, saying that only 7 % of Russian export will... but that outside competition will devastate much of the economy.
9. The meeting of the working group on Russian membership will show how many ... other countries are ready to make.
10. The recovery is expected to be ... as business investment..., consumer spending continues at a solid pace.
11. Averagepensionshavetripled and salaries of low-income government ... were ....
E, Make a summary of the text
Use the active vocabulary.
^ R Grammar notes Reported Speech
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. When we quote someone's actual words, we can use reporting verbs. We can report statements, questions, requests, orders, thoughts, etc.
Statements
Here is a list of common reporting verbs.
say reply suggest add admit advise
agree ask answer claim demand
promise remind report tell order insist
persuade reply think mention
E. g.: They say that we will receive the confirmation next week.
She mentioned that the date of the next meeting hasn't been fixed yet.
He promised that the conference would be ready for us zohen we anived. Unit 13. Russia in the World Economy
229
I warned them not to put up their prices hy more than the annual rate of inflation.
Reported speech takes two forms: main clause subordinate clause
They say that the meeting will be held next week.
main clause an infinitive with to
They asked us to send the reply as soon as possible.
In reported speech, the verb tense of the main clause determines that of the subordinate clause. Ifthe verb of the main clause is in the Present of Future tense the verb of the subordinate clause is the same (no changes).
E. g.: 4Ywant to promote you," the director says. — The director says that he wants to promote me.
iiWe shall send you our confirmation soon " the boss replies. — The boss replies that they will send their confі im avion soon.
If the verb of the main clause is in the past the verb of the subordinate clause changes according to the rule of sequence of tenses. Verb tense in direct speech: Verb tense in reported speech:
• Present simple; • Past simple;
• Present continuous; • Past continuous;
• Present perfect; • Past perfect;
• Past simple; • Past perfect;
• will, can, or may + verb. • would, could, or might + verb.
E. g.: She said, "We have a deal." — She said (that) they had a deal. She said, iiI have made a deal." — She said that she had made a deal. She said, '7 will confirm the deal next week." — She said that she would confirm the deal the following week.
In reported speech certain words change as follows depending on the context.
Direct Speech: Reported Speech:
this/these; • that/those;
here; • there;
come; • go;
tonight, today, this week; • that night, that day; now; • then, at that time, at once, immediately;
now that; • since;
yesterday; • the day before;
Vast; • the previous;
tomorrow; • the following day;
next; • the following;
ago. • before. 230
Английский ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ экономистов
The verb tense of direct speech does not change:
a) when the words spoken state a general truth: e. g., The teacher explained that it takes Mars 1.88 years to circle the Sun;
b) when the words spoken express a habitual action referring to the present: e. g., He said he always goes to bed early;
c) where the words spoken are still true: e. g., He said Professor Pyke is in Room 110.
Questions, Requests, Orders or Commands in the Reported Speech
Reported questions. In reported questions we use the affirmative word order and do not use quotation marks or a question mark. We use reported question to ask for information, advice or to report someone else's questions, suggestions, offers or requests.
To report a question we use: a) ask, want to know, wonder, cannot remember, inquire + wh-word (who, where, why, what, etc. or how far, how, how long) when the direct question begins with a wh-word; b) ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, have, can, etc.). We must use whether not ifwhen we are asking someone to make a choice.
