Английский язык для экономистов - Малюга Е.Н.
ISBN 5-469-00341-8
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Значительную часть обсуждаемого с BTO пакета соглашений составляют переговоры по сельскому хозяйству. Они затрагивают как уровни тарифной защиты, так и вопросы, связанные с государственной поддержкой аграрного сектора в России, включая агрегированную меру поддержки, субсидирование экспорта сельхозпродукции. То есть речь идет о дотациях на продукцию животноводства, растениеводства, компенсациях части затрат на материально-техническое снабжение, льготном кредитовании, цеповой поддержке отечественных товаропроизводителей, льготах на транспортные тарифы и т. д. В соответствии с соглашением BTO по сельскому хозяйству принимаются обязательства по установлению фиксированного уровня поддержки и его поэтапному сокращению (меры «янтарной корзины»).
Другая группа мер относится к «зеленой корзине» и не связывается обязательствами по сокращению. Она затрагивает расходы, не направленные на поддержание цен отечественных товаропроизводителей и не оказывающие существенного искажающего воздействия на торговлю. В этом случае речь идет о страховании урожаев, компенсации ущерба от стихийных бедствий, содержании стратегических продовольственных запасов, содействии структурной перестройке, программах регионального развития, формировании эффективной инфраструктуры, информационном и консультационном обслуживании, проведении ветеринарных и фитосанитарных мероприятий, обеспечении доступа к рыночной информации, научных исследованиях. 254
Английский ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ экономистов
G* Reading the English newspaper
G.l. Pre-reading task.
1. Analyze the prospects for Russian trade.
2. Can you agree with the world economic leaders who consider that they have achieved "an unambiguous sense of commitment" to liberalising international trade?
G.2. Read the article uEU scores in trade war with US" through and give the definitions of the following words and word combinations:
¦ a long-running trade dispute;
¦ illegal export subsidies;
¦ to impose punitive tariffs;
¦ to pave;
¦ concessions;
¦ an uphill struggle;
¦ a sharp economic slowdown;
¦ the throes of a recession;
¦ retaliation;
¦ comply with.
EU Scores in Trade War with US
"BBC News"
The United States has suffered a bitter blow in a long-running trade dispute with the European Union, and could now face sanctions worth more than $ 4 bn.
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) found that massive tax breaks for firms like GE, Boeing and Microsoft amounted to illegal export subsidies.
It was the fourth time in five years that the WTO ruled the tax breaks illegal, and has now paved the way for the EU to impose punitive tariffs on imports from the US.
This is just the latest in a host of transatlantic trade disputes. In previous quarrels — over beef and bananas — the WTO had found in favour of the United States, resulting in sanctions on EU exports.
Mutual Damage
The United States has already offered some concessions in the dispute, but the WTO panel found that Washington "failed fully to implement the recommendations and rulings" made by the trade body. Unit 14. International Trade
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Robert Zoellick, the US Trade Representative, said the White House was "disappointed" with the outcome.
He said the US government intended to "seek to cooperate with the EU in order to manage and resolve this dispute."
But he insisted that the US had been right all along.
"We knew it would be an uphill struggle," he said, "but we believed it was important to make our case for a level playing field on tax rules."
Any trade war is likely to hit the economies of both sides — with the United States already in the throes of a recession and the European Union suffering a sharp economic slowdown.
Kimberly Pinter of the National Association of Manufacturers in the U.S. said "they [the EU] don't want to sanction us any more than we want to be sanctioned."
Any sanctions "would hurt them as much as it would hurt us."
Clyde Prestowitz, a former US trade negotiator, said the "timing for the Europeans to do something very Draconian isn't very good."
Horse Trading
EU officials acknowledge that this could be true. So the EU has stressed that retaliation is not its preferred option. Instead, some sort of 'horse-trading is expected to take place, said observers.
But the EU expects Washington to make the first move. EU Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy said it was now "up to the US to comply with the WTO's finding to settle this matter once and for all. As to how, we look forward to rapid US proposals."
Arbitration
The next step in the dispute is the creation of a WTO arbitration panel. The panel will decide on the amount of sanctions to be imposed on imports from the US. It has 60 days to do the job — from the day the WTO officially adopts the ruling, expected to happen later this month.
In deciding on an amount, the WTO would aim to reflect the damage caused to European firms by the tax breaks in the US. Once an amount is approved by the WTO, the EU could impose the sanctions right away.
