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Практический курс английского языка - Камянова Т.

Камянова Т. Практический курс английского языка — М.: Дом Славянской Книги, 2005. — 384 c.
ISBN 5-85550-177-9
Скачать (прямая ссылка): praktichkurseng2005.djvu
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During the Norman conquest (1066-1154) William (the Conqueror), the duke of Normandy, declared himself heir to the throne of England. Saxon lands were seized and redistributed among Norman Barons, it was the era of civil wars and resistance, however, it was also the era of establishing feudalism in its most developed form.
For 245 years after that England was ruled by the Plantagenet dynasty, beginning from the king Henry Il (1154-1189). The last Plantagenet Richard II, was deposed in 1399 by his cousin who became Henry IV (1399-1413), the first King of the House of Lancaster. English kings of that period were fighting with Celtic neighbours in Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Henry's IV reign resulted in chaos. It was the time of the Hundred Years War against France. Finally Henry V (1413-1422) resumed the war by claiming the French throne. After his death the English lost their French lands.
The XV century had begun the transitional period from feudalism to capitalism. The XVI century continued it. Henry VH Tudor (1485-1509) established the new Tudor dynasty. The second Tudor monarch, Henry VIH (1509-1547) consolidated absolute monarchy in the country. He started reformation activities arid became head of the church. Henry VIII was famous for his firm governing and for his having six wives. Besides, he opened the way to development of art and culture. It was the beginning of English Renaissance The first part of the XVI century gave England such names as Thomas More and Edmund Spencer, the second part was the time of William Shakespeare. >
Notes
1. to inhabit, an inhabitant - населять, обитатель, поселенец
2. B.C. (Before Christ) / A.D. (Anno Domini) - лат. до нашей эры/нашей эры
3. a tribe - племя
4. to invade, an invader, an invasion - вторгаться, захватывать; захватчик; нашествие
5. medieval [, medi 'i:vol] - средневековый
6. a conquest - завоевание, покорение
7. a conqueror - завоеватель
8. the Renaissance [re 'neisans] - эпоха Возрождения, Ренессанс
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353
TEXT
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (THE UK)
N. HISTORY: GREAT BRITAIN IN XVII - XIX CENTURIES
The XVII century went down in the history of Britain as the century of the bourgeois revolution, one of the earliest in the history of Europe, ft established the bourgeois system in the country, for the capitalist way of development triumphed. England was no more a wool producing country, it had an established reputation as a manufacturer of woolen cloths. Besides, there were developing new industrial branches. The first Stuart King J^mes I (1603-1625), who came from Scotland, where industry and foreign trade were practically undeveloped, was limited by the Parliament in his power. His son Charles I (1625-1649) dismissed the Parliament and didn't summon it during 11 years. His policy brought to a civil war, and in 1649 the Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell executed him and declared the country a Commonwealth. The Commonwealth Republic was strong enough to secure interests of bourgeoisie. However, bourgeoisie wanted monarchy back. Cromwell was offered the crown, but he refused, and in 1660 Chanes Il was crowned. There began a period of Restoration (1660-1688), a period of struggle for privileged positions between the feudal and bourgeois elements. In this struggle the victory was on the side of bourgeoisie. It led to consolidation of capitalism in Britain.
In the XVIlI century Britain entered the period of active capitalist progress, and was turning into the British Empire. It was the time of Establishment and colonial expansion. Britain struggled with France for domination of the seas, for control of India, for colonizing the lands overseas. As a result, the British Empire attained unprecedented dimensions having such colonies as India, Senegal, Canada, North America (the latter was lost, however, in 1783 (see p.355), and later Australia and South Africa. The conquered lands were used as markets for British goods on the one hand and as sources of cheap raw materials on the other. In the Royal House that was the time when the Stuart dynasty ended with the death of Queen Ann (1714). Actually the country was ruled by the Parliament and its whig government. New kings George I (1714-1727) and George Il (1727-1760), who came from the House of Hanover, cared more for affairs in Hanover than of those in England. That was the reason why they were wanted on the throne. The Parliament, meanwhile, was working at a number of laws which made England a constitutional monarchy. At the same time, as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain became a well-developed industrial state with growing factories and plants. The nation was dividing into two parts: the bourgeoisie and the proletarians. As an echo of the French Bourgeois Revolution of 1789 the proletarians of England and Scotland started mass striking. The answer of the government to the democratic movement was a growing reaction.
During the period of Napoleonic wars in the XIX century Britain captured Malta and other strategic points. Till 1812, however, there was a danger of Napolion's invasion in England. Together with Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden, Britain was a member of the coalition against Napoleon.
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