Базовый курс английского языка - Эккерсли К.Э.
ISBN 5-7871-0174-X
Скачать (прямая ссылка):
¦ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. Придумайте предложения со следующими словами: confusing, groceries, sweets, sack, weight, liquid, length, evidence,
scales
2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How many ounces are there in a pound; pounds in a stone; stones in a hundredweight; hundredweights in a ton?
2. How many inches are there in a foot, feet in a yard, yards in a mile?
3. How many pints are there in a quart, quarts in a gallon?
4. What is bought (a) by the pint, (b) by the quart, (c) by the gallon?
5. What is the weight in stones and pounds of people who weigh (a) 99 lb., (b) 125 lb., (c) 158 lb., (d) 198 lb., (e) 224 lb.?
6. How many pounds did the man in Hob's story think he had lost?
3. Составьте рассказ о полицейском, дающем показания.
265 ¦
QPOK 27
The Articles
MR. PRIESTLEY: There are two adjectives, perhaps the two commonest words in the language, that we ought to consider for a few minutes. I mean a (an), generally called the "indefinite article", and the, the "definite article".
A and An
1. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; an before a word beginning with a vowel sound or an h that is not sounded,1 e.g.
a book, a horse, a child an apple, an open book, an angry child We say a European, a useful book, because the first sounds in these words are not vowel sounds but consonant ones [j], [j].
2. The usual meanings of a or an are:
(a) One, e.g.
I have a sister and two brothers.
I want three pounds of sugar and a pound of butter.
(b) Any, it doesn't matter which, e.g.
Pass me a fork, please.
3. Note the use of a and an:
(a) In certain expressions of measurement, e.g.
Lucille drives at 60 miles an hour.
We have lessons three times a week.
(b) Before dozen, hundred, thousand, million, e.g.
There are a dozen eggs here.
There were a hundred sheep in the field.
4. Compare the sentences:
(a) I have a few friends in London.
(b) I have few friends in London.
'Например, перед словами honour, honest, hour, heir.
¦ 266
Both are correct, but each has a different meaning. In sentence (a) you are told that 1 have some friends; in sentence (b) it is fewness that is emphasized. So if you said to me, "I have a few friends in London," I might perhaps reply, "That is very nice for you; you will be able to visit them." If you said, "I have few friends in London," I might then reply, "I am sorry about that; you must be rather lonely." Do you see the difference?
There is exactly the same difference between little and a little, e.g.
(a) I have a little money to spare every year on books and pictures, and so I have now quite a good collection.
(b) I have little money to spare for books and pictures, I need all the money that I have to live.
The
1. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense we don't put the, e.g.
Life is very hard for some people. (Not "the life".)
We will have freedom or death. (Not "the freedom", etc.)
Work is better than laziness.
But we use the before abstract nouns that are limited or qualified, e.g.
The life we live is hard.
The freedom of the seas ...
The work that we do ...
2. Before names of materials used in a general sense, e.g.
Butter is made from cream. (Not "Rebutter", "the cream.")
Wheat is grown in Canada.
3. Before plural nouns used in a general sense, e.g.
Books are my best friends.
but The books that are on the table are mine.
I am referring in the second sentence not to books in general but to some particular books.
4. Before most proper nouns, e.g.
I walked in Hyde Park. (Not "the Hyde Park".)
267¦
Do you know Regent Street?
Lucille comes from France.
But generally before the names of rivers and chains of mountains we use the, e.g.
The Thames, The Danube, 77? e Alps, The Ands.
We also use it with countries that are plural in form, e.g.
The United States, The Netherlands.
5. Before names of meals used in a general sense, e.g.
Are you coming to the dinner we are having in London next week?
A is more general in meaning; the is more particular.
1. The means "the particular one", e.g.
This is the book that I promised to lend you.
2. Or "the only one", e.g.
The sun rise.s in the east and sets in the west.
(There is only one sun, one east and one west.)
3. Or "the one we have just spoken about".
So we might begin-as the fairy stories do-
"Once upon a time there was a little boy. The boy grew up ..."
MR. PRIESTLEY: I gave you, in Lesson 5, the simple definition of each part of speech so that you could recognize them when I referred to them. But we have learned quite a lot more about them since then and, as I shall not be giving you any more talks on grammar until we
Come to
But
A and The
A Little More on the "Parts of Speech"
¦ 268
come to Book 111,1 think this is a good place to gather together what we have learned, and see what characteristics each part of speech has that mark it off from all the others:
(1) Существительные. Имеет показатели числа, в некоторых случаях - рода. У них нет показателей времени или залога. По отношению к глаголу они выступают как подлежащее или дополнение и имеют при себе предлог. Не имеют степеней сравнения. Единственная "падежная форма" - форма притяжательного падежа.
