Базовый курс английского языка - Эккерсли К.Э.
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He put the letter under a book that was lying on the desk.
On the other hand if the distance lower is mentioned we generally use below, e.g.
The submarine travelled 100 feet below the surface of the water. Under meaning "less than" is used to express time, e.g.
We went from our house to Cambridge in under an hour.
Under means also "governed by", "protected by", e.g.
In 1890 that country was under British rule and its soldiers served under the British flag.
It is also used to express certain states of being, e.g.
He is under treatment for rheumatism. The prisoner is under guard. The soldier showed great bravery under fire.
Under is used to express cover or disguise, e.g.
Samuel Clemens wrote under the name of Mark Twain.
Under is used as a prefix with the meaning "below", "not enough", "too small", e.g.
Underground', underdone meal.
Under is an adverb in such sentences as:
The people were kept underby the tyrant. A huge wave struck the ship and it went under (= sank).
Until (till)
Until (more usually till) can be a preposition, e.g.
609¦
We won't be home till morning. He stayed till (until) long after midnight.
or a conjunction, e.g.
I will wait till (until) you come.
Up
In most cases up expresses the opposite of down, e.g.
He walked up the hill. They put up a flag.
It is very often used as an adverb with a variety of meanings, e.g. The sun is up. Look up. The house is up at last. Plants come up in the spring. Wake up. Hurry up. Speak up. What time did you get up? I was up all night. The car is not far behind us, it will soon catch us up. Prices are going up. My time is up. You will have to pay up. The room is dirty; help me to clean it up.
With
(preposition only)
With suggests
(1) accompaniment, e.g.
He came with all his family. Don't wear brown shoes with a blue suit.
(2) agreement (or disagreement), e.g.
I agree/disagree with him on most matters. I don't want to quarrel with you.
(3) an instrument, e.g.
Cut the bread with this knife.
' (4) cause, e.g.
The old man was bent with age and dying with hunger.
(5) manner, e.g.
He fought with bravery. He stood with his hands in his pockets.
(6) possession (= "who (which) has"), e.g.
A girl with golden hair. A house with a large garden.
(7) contents, e.g.
His pockets were filled with money.
Within
Within has the meaning "inside", e.g.
"Is anybody within?"
but is formal rather than colloquial English.
Within as a preposition is used to refer to time, e.g.
I'll be there within (= in less than) an hour.
and in such expressions as:
to live within one's income; to be within hearing; within sight of home; within the law
Without
Without in modern English does not mean "outside" (e.g. Who is withouf!). Without means "not having", e.g.
Hob travelled without a ticket because he left home without money. It is used with a gerund to give a negative meaning, e.g.
He left without saying (= and did not say) good-bye. Hob travelled without buying (= and did not buy) a ticket.
¦ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. Придумайте шесть предложений с составным глаголом fall.
2. Придумайте предложения, используя следующие слова как а) предлог, б) наречие:
on, in, up, about, after, before, behind, over, round, since, off, through
I
3. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:
1. The man who spoke was standing me. 2. There are others
me who believe that. 3. Put the two books side__side. 4. Everyone was
listening___Richard. 5. He lived here_____the years 1940 and 1941.
6. Their plans have completely broken___.7. The soldiers came in two
two. 8. That book was written Dickens. 9. That is a book
Russia and the Russian people. 10. I ran_________the thief but couldn't
catch him. 11. He who is not for us is________us. 12. He has written ten
books and there is not a single good one_________them. 13. The mother
divided the apple____the two boys. 14. Who is looking_______you? 15. Jan
is very good____English. 16. He did that_________my wishes. 17.1 bought
that___the butcher's. 18. He put his hands_______his back. 19. My shoes
are made______leather; the box is made______iron. 20.1 can't get this ring
___my finger. 21. He put the book___________the table and sat____a chair.
22. What country do you come_________? 23. He walked________the room and
sat____his desk. 24.1 shan't be away long; I'll be back_____a year. 25.1
don't like to be_____debt; that is to be____danger. 26. It is cold____this
room now that the fire has gone______. 27. You must make the best _ it.
28. The petrol is all running____; turn the tap__. 29. There are houses
___both sides___the street. 30. A friend______mine went with me to the
Tower______London. 31.1 went there______business; I have to work______my
living. 32. Someone left a box_______the garden and I fell_______it___the
dark. 33.1 stood_____the corner______the road and hundreds_______cars went
___. 34.1 have been______London______the 25.th_______July. 35. We went____
France_____our way_______Spain. 36. This coat is wet. Hold it____the fire
