Государства и культуры иранского государства - Гафуров Б.Г.
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The territory of Southern Turkmenistan and the neighboring areas of Iran was one of the world's oldest nidi of agrarian culture. Later on that territory became part of the zone where рге-urban civilizations and early statehood came into existence.
V. I, Sarianidl
THE HISSAR III BURIAL GROUND: NEW MATERIALS AND OBSERVATIONS
The present article revises the question of the former purpose of «the burnt building» in the settlement of Tepe Hissar which is well known to archaeologists. Despite the opinion which is repeatedly found in writings on the subject, that «the burnt building» and the entire settlement of Hissar ceased to exist as a result of a military expansion, the author makes an attempt to view «the burnt building» as a burial complex with the consecutive method of interment. To prove this point, the author presents new materials related to similar burial rites observed in southern Turkmenistan (Gheoksyur, Altan-depe).
Eventually the author arrives at the conclusion that the way the «burnt building» perished cannot serve as a proof of a supposed military expansion; moreover, there are no irrefutable facts testifying to the destruction of the entire settlement of Tepe Hissar as a result of an «Aryan» invasion.
340
E. E. Kuzminct
THE CYLINDRICAL SEAL WITH THE FIGHTING SCENE FROM THE MERV OASIS
The Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography possesses an item which has not yet been described in literature. It is a seal found in the Merv Oasis in Southern Turkmenistan by the expedition of E. Schmidt and R. Pampelli. Depicted on the cylinder by means of the linear and engraving techniques is a man on horseback spearing a monster. The comparison of information contained in written sources and of images on woiks of art, including glyptics, shows that horse-breeding was widely practised in Asia Minor as far back as the mid-second millennium В. С. Horse-riding becomes common by the end of that millennium, and portrayals of horsemen with spears are quite numerous at the turn of the first millennium В. С.
The theme of fighting and the image of the monster were brought forward by the Hittite and Mittanian art and from it were borrowed by Assyria. Assyria's influence resulted in the fact that seals depicting a scene of fighting became common in the рге-Achaemenian Iran. In Achaeme-nian glyptics, however, the theme of fighting a monster acquired a new stylistic interpretation. The proportions of the cylinder, its material, the scene depicted on it and the manner of execution show that the Merv seal is close to those of Assyria and Iran of the early first millennium В С., which establishes the date of its origin.
In Assyrian art the fighting scene must have been a reflection of the myth in which the God Bel (Marduk) combated Tiamat, the monster. There is every reason to betieve that due to the Hittite influence, the theme of fighting became common in the arts of other Indo-European peoples. The myth of a hero fighting a serpent which is depicted as a fantastic, syncretic monster is common to all the Indp-European peoples. Rigveda and Avesta indicate how close together come myths of Indo-Iranian peoples and the heroes of those myths fighting seprents. These are the gods Indra, Veretragnah, the heroes Traetaona-Trita, Keresaspes and Khaoshiankh who were regarded as patrons of royal power and givers of water and fertility. In the Achaemenian and Sassanid Iran and in the plains of southern Russia then inhabited by the Scythians and Sarma-tians the theme of a hero combating a monster was one of the leading ideas in figurative arts. That theme can apparently be interpreted as an illustration to-once highly popular ancient myths.
341
М. Л'. Р о g r e b о v a ON RELATIONS BETWEEN EASTERN TRANSCAUCASIA AND IRAN AT THE TURN OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM В. С.
The article deals with the findings of arms of Iranian origin in Transcaucasia and of Transcaucasian origin, in Iran. Most of the amis of Iranian origin found in Transcaucasia date back to the turn of the first millennium В. С. and are concentrated in the central and eastern areas of the region {Armenia, Eastern Georgia, Azerbaijan). In some cases it has been established that arms -were imported via Talysh. Arms of East-Transcaucasian origin dating back to the same period have been discovered in Iran, in particular, in the north-west of the country. The most varied findings are traced back to the end of the •second millennium В. С.
Investigation of the entire material suggests the indisputable conclusion about an immediate chronological proximity of Iran's monuments of the Tepe-'Sialk A type and West Transcaucasia's big burial mounds (Archadzor, Kara-Bulak,
Khanlar, etc.).
/. Aliev
THE SARMATIANS-ALANS ON THEIR WAY TO IRAN
One of the major problemc in the ancient history of Western Asia is establishing the time when migration and settling of Iranian-speaking tribes started Лand the way they penetrated into the territory of Iran.
